Problem to solve
Problems are solutions for the future
In this page we examine the challenges posed by excessive CO2 levels in the atmosphere, the specific issues confronting the Horn of Africa region and the problems related to the global energy crisis, as well.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a naturally occurring gas in the Earth's atmosphere, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining the planet's temperature and supporting life through the process of photosynthesis. However, in recent decades, human activities have significantly increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. This excess CO2 is contributing to a range of environmental and societal problems, collectively referred to as "climate change" or "global warming." Here's a closer look at the damage that elevated CO2 levels can create:
Global Warming: The primary impact of increased CO2 levels is the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere, which leads to a rise in global temperatures. This phenomenon is often referred to as global warming. Rising temperatures have far-reaching consequences, including more frequent and severe heatwaves, altered weather patterns, and shifts in climate zones. These changes can disrupt ecosystems, harm agriculture, and threaten food security.
Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels: Higher temperatures cause polar ice caps and glaciers to melt, leading to rising sea levels. As the sea levels rise, coastal communities are at risk of flooding and erosion. This can displace millions of people and damage infrastructure, including roads, buildings, and critical facilities.
Extreme Weather Events: The increase in CO2 levels is associated with an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, typhoons, droughts, and heavy rainfall. These events can lead to devastating consequences, including loss of life, destruction of property, and disruptions to the global economy.
Ocean Acidification: When excess CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, it reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid. This process, known as ocean acidification, can harm marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells and skeletons, such as coral reefs and some types of plankton. A decline in these species can disrupt marine ecosystems and impact the seafood industry.
Disruption of Ecosystems: Changes in temperature and weather patterns can disrupt ecosystems, affecting the distribution and behavior of species. Some species may struggle to adapt or relocate, leading to population declines or extinctions. This can have cascading effects throughout food chains and ecosystems.
Agricultural Impacts: Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns can harm crop yields and reduce the quality of agricultural products. Prolonged droughts and extreme heatwaves can lead to crop failures, threatening food production and increasing the risk of food shortages and price spikes.
Health Effects: Climate change driven by elevated CO2 levels can have direct and indirect health impacts. Heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems from worsened air quality, and the spread of diseases by changing vectors are some of the health concerns associated with a warming world.
Economic Costs: The damage caused by elevated CO2 levels is not only environmental but also economic. The costs associated with mitigating and adapting to climate change, as well as addressing its consequences, can be substantial, affecting economies on a global scale.
To mitigate the damage caused by elevated CO2 levels, there is a global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, transition to renewable energy sources, and implement sustainable land-use practices. Addressing the damage
from CO2 is a complex and urgent challenge that requires coordinated action at the local, national, and international levels.
In 1996, the War-Torn Societies Project reported that the Horn of Africa produced about 4.8 million bags of charcoal annually. Such a volume would require the felling of nearly 2.1 million acacia trees. Consequently, with the deforestation and lack of replanting, Acacia bussei was placed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's red list of threatened species.
For years, this evergreen, drought-tolerant, indigenous tree has provided raw materials to pastoralists (pastoralism means nomadic herding) and helped them stay resilient to drought. But with increasing demands for charcoal, Acacia bussei is becoming an impractical source of fodder. This has jeopardised the livelihoods of many pastoralists. Due to recurrent droughts, the situation is further aggravated. In a global ranking of vulnerability to climate change impacts, the Horn of Africa was ranked 7th out of 233 regions.
Information from the UN Environment Programme 2022
At the same time, the amount of agricultural land is decreasing and unusable land is expanding. In addition to soil erosion/desertification, the shortage means that energy is currently generated by burning diesel and that wildlife is damaged. CO2 emissions and desertification are thus increasing, which also affects us in Sweden, e.g. through increased migration and higher temperatures that damage our own nature.
There are more problems to solve
2.4 billion people use wood and charcoal as their primary source of cooking fuel. In developing countries, wood burning accounts for up to 80% of all domestic fuel use. Widespread burning of unprocessed biomass (wood, grass, etc.) has well-characterised effects on health and the environment. Indoor air pollution, largely due to exposure to smoke and particles emitted by burning unprocessed wood, is estimated to kill over 1.6 million people each year, with women and young children being the worst affected. Deforestation also causes soil erosion, which increases vulnerability to flooding and causes lower farm yields. Fossil-free fuel offers significant advantages over raw biofuels because the carbonisation process reduces particulate emissions and reduces the risk of developing respiratory infections. Unlike liquid petroleum gas (LPG) or kerosene, fossil-free fuel does not require people to buy new stoves or change the way they cook.
How did it become a problem?
Acacia bussei, a slow-growing deciduous tree, has long been the backbone of Somaliland's multi-million dollar charcoal trade. For decades, the country struggled to implement a 1969 ban on charcoal and firewood exports. The gradual erosion of state institutions, which resulted in complete lawlessness and the outbreak of a full-fledged war with Somalia in 1991, only further undermined the initiative.
The production and export of charcoal - an economic activity dating back to pre-colonial times - has long served to meet local and regional energy needs and provide livelihoods for many families. But with the protracted conflict, weak law and order, vague rules over resource ownership, and lack of alternative energy sources and livelihoods, recent decades have seen an increase in unsustainable charcoal production. Consequently, the charcoal trade has accelerated threats such as environmental degradation and conflicts over control of the resulting revenues. Despite a 2012 UN Security Council ban on the import of Somaliland's charcoal, the trade has continued at a rapid pace: the market value of the exported commodity was estimated at more than $250 million in the two years following the ban.
In addition, the tree, like shrubs, is used to feed one of the main sources of income in the Horn of Africa, which is livestock, mainly goats and camels. Who could eat fast-growing bio-grasses instead.
The world is currently grappling with a global energy crisis that poses significant challenges and concerns for nations, economies, and the environment. This crisis is characterized by a complex interplay of factors, including increasing energy demand, dwindling fossil fuel reserves, environmental degradation, geopolitical tensions, and the urgent need to combat climate change. To understand the scope of this crisis and the potential solutions, it's essential to explore its various dimensions:
Rising Energy Demand: Global energy demand continues to soar due to population growth, industrialization, urbanization, and increased reliance on energy-intensive technologies. This escalating demand places immense pressure on existing energy resources.
Fossil Fuel Depletion: Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which have been the primary sources of energy for centuries, are finite resources. As reserves dwindle, extraction becomes more challenging and costly, leading to potential supply disruptions and price volatility.
Environmental Impact: The overreliance on fossil fuels has resulted in widespread environmental degradation, i Including air and water pollution, habitat destruction, and greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions are a leading cause of climat change, which poses a severe threat to the planet.
Geopolitical Tensions: Energy resources have long been a source of geopolitical conflict. Competition for access to energy reserves and transportation routes can lead to diplomatic tensions, trade disputes, and even armed conflicts.
Energy Access Disparities: Billions of people worldwide still lack access to reliable and affordable energy sources. Addressing energy poverty is a critical component of any sustainable energy strategy.
Infrastructure Challenges: The development and maintenance of energy infrastructure, such as power plants, grids, and transportation networks, require significant investments. Aging infrastructure and insufficient upgrades can lead to inefficiencies and reliability issues.
Transition to Renewable Energy: Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is essential to combat climate change. However, this shift poses challenges related to technology development, cost-effectiveness, and integration into existing energy systems.
The global energy crisis is a multifaceted issue that requires a multifaceted approach. Transitioning to cleaner, more sustainable energy sources while simultaneously improving energy efficiency and conservation practices is critical. Addressing the global energy crisis is not only an environmental imperative but also an opportunity to foster economic growth, enhance energy security, and create a more equitable energy landscape for future generations.
